Extran Hydraulics Master from #Extran3 and #SWMM4 converted to #SWMM5

· June 02, 2017

This is part of the #Inside_#SWMM5 series of blogs and is intended as a visual aid and code developer for the Storm Water Management Model Reference Manuals on https://www.epa.gov/water-research/storm-water-management-model-swmm I always think images (and some words) are best at explaining the internal working of code. I do encourage you to read the wonderfully written Storm Water Management Model Reference Manuals.

The following is a combined #Extran3 and #SWMM4 reference manual models in #SWMM5 format. Examples 1 through 6 were combined together in one #SWMM5 model.

[TITLE]
;;Project Title/Notes
extran_master_swmm34_example_SW5.INP
Extran Hydraulics Master from Extran 3 and SWMM4 converted to SWMMN5

[OPTIONS]
;;Option Value
FLOW_UNITS CFS
INFILTRATION GREEN_AMPT
FLOW_ROUTING DYNWAVE
LINK_OFFSETS ELEVATION
MIN_SLOPE 0
ALLOW_PONDING YES
SKIP_STEADY_STATE NO

START_DATE 01/01/1988
START_TIME 00:00:00
REPORT_START_DATE 01/01/1988
REPORT_START_TIME 00:00:00
END_DATE 01/01/1988
END_TIME 06:00:00
SWEEP_START 01/01
SWEEP_END 12/31
DRY_DAYS 0.0
REPORT_STEP 00:00:10
WET_STEP 00:15:00
DRY_STEP 01:00:00
ROUTING_STEP 0:00:10

INERTIAL_DAMPING NONE
NORMAL_FLOW_LIMITED BOTH
FORCE_MAIN_EQUATION H-W
VARIABLE_STEP 0.00
LENGTHENING_STEP 5
MIN_SURFAREA 12.566
MAX_TRIALS 8
HEAD_TOLERANCE 0.001
SYS_FLOW_TOL 5
LAT_FLOW_TOL 5
MINIMUM_STEP 0
THREADS 1

[EVAPORATION]
;;Data Source Parameters
;;————– —————-
CONSTANT 0.6
DRY_ONLY NO

[JUNCTIONS]
;;Name Elevation MaxDepth InitDepth SurDepth Aponded
;;————– ———- ———- ———- ———- ———-
10309 101.60 9.40 .00 0 0
10309a 101.60 9.40 .00 0 0
10309b 101.60 9.40 .00 0 0
10309c 101.60 9.40 .00 0 0
10309d 101.60 9.40 .00 0 0
10309e 101.60 9.40 .00 0 0
15009 111.50 13.50 .00 0 0
15009a 111.50 13.50 .00 0 0
15009b 111.50 13.50 .00 0 0
15009c 111.50 13.50 .00 0 0
15009d 111.50 13.50 .00 0 0
15009e 121 13.50 .00 0 0
16009 102.00 18.00 .00 0 0
16009a 102.00 18.00 .00 0 0
16009b 102.00 18.00 .00 0 0
16009c 102.00 18.00 .00 0 0
16009d 102.00 18.00 .00 0 0
16009e 102.00 18.00 .00 0 0
16109 102.80 22.20 .00 0 0
16109a 102.80 22.20 .00 0 0
16109b 102.80 22.20 .00 0 0
16109c 102.80 22.20 .00 0 0
16109d 102.80 22.20 .00 0 0
16109e 102.80 22.20 .00 0 0
80408 120 13.40 .00 0 10
80408b 124.60 13.40 .00 0 0
80408c 124.60 13.40 .00 0 0
80408d 124.60 13.40 .00 0 0
80408e 124.60 13.40 .00 0 0
80608 118.30 16.70 .00 0 0
80608a 118.30 16.70 .00 0 0
80608b 118.30 16.70 .00 0 0
80608c 118.30 16.70 .00 0 0
80608d 118.30 16.70 .00 0 0
80608e 118.30 16.70 .00 0 0
81009 128.20 8.80 .00 0 0
81009a 128.20 8.80 .00 0 0
81009b 128.20 8.80 .00 0 0
81009c 128.20 8.80 .00 0 0
81009d 128.20 8.80 .00 0 0
81009e 128.20 8.80 .00 0 0
81309 117.50 12.50 .00 0 0
81309a 117.50 12.50 .00 0 0
81309b 117.50 12.50 .00 0 0
81309c 117.50 12.50 .00 0 0
81309d 117.50 12.50 .00 0 0
81309e 117.50 12.50 .00 0 0
82308d 112.30 42.70 .00 0 0
82309 112.30 42.70 .00 0 0
82309a 112.30 42.70 .00 0 0
82309b 112.30 42.70 .00 0 0
Up 112.30 42.70 .00 0 0
82309e 112.30 21 .00 0 0
80408a 124.60 6 .00 0 0

[OUTFALLS]
;;Name Elevation Type Stage Data Gated Route To
;;————– ———- ———- —————- ——– —————-
;*
10208 89.9 FREE NO
10208b 89.9 FREE NO
10208c 89.9 FREE NO
10208d 89.9 FREE NO
10208e 89.9 FREE NO
10208a 89.9 FIXED 91.0 NO

[STORAGE]
;;Name Elev. MaxDepth InitDepth Shape Curve Name/Params N/A Fevap Psi Ksat IMD
;;————– ——– ———- ———– ———- —————————- ——– ——– ——– ——–
;* STORAGE JUNCTION AT JUNCTION 82309d for the 5th network
82309d 112.3 42.7 0.0 FUNCTIONAL 800.0 0 0 0.0 0

[CONDUITS]
;;Name From Node To Node Length Roughness InOffset OutOffset InitFlow MaxFlow
;;————– —————- —————- ———- ———- ———- ———- ———- ———-
1030e 10309e 10208e 4500.0 0.016 * * 0.0 0
1030 10309 10208 4500.0 .20 * * 0.0 0
1030a 10309a 10208a 4500.0 0.016 * * 0.0 0
1030b 10309b 10208b 4500.0 0.016 * * 0.0 0
1030c 10309c 10208c 4500.0 0.016 * * 0.0 0
1030d 10309d 10208d 4500.0 0.016 * * 0.0 0
1570 15009 16009 5000.0 0.0154 * * 0.0 0
1570a 15009a 16009a 5000.0 0.0154 * * 0.0 0
1570b 15009b 16009b 5000.0 0.0154 * * 0.0 0
1570c 15009c 16009c 100 0.0154 * * 0.0 0
1570d 15009d 16009d 5000.0 0.0154 * * 0.0 0
1570e 15009e 16009e 5000.0 0.0154 * * 0.0 0
1600 16009 16109 500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1600a 16009a 16109a 500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1600b 16009b 16109b 500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1600c 16009c 16109c 500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1600d 16009d 16109d 500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1600e 16009e 16109e 500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1602 82309 16109 5000.0 0.034 * * 0.0 0
1602a 82309a 16109a 5000.0 0.034 * * 0.0 0
1602b 82309b 16109b 5000.0 0.034 * * 0.0 0
1602c Up 16109c 5000.0 0.034 * * 0.0 0
1602d 82309d 16109d 5000.0 0.034 * * 0.0 0
1602e 82309e 16109e 5000.0 0.034 * * 0.0 0
1630 16009 10309 300.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1630a 16009a 10309a 300.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1630b 16009b 10309b 300.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1630c 16009c 10309c 300.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1630d 16009d 10309d 300.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
1630e 16009e 10309e 300.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
;CONDUIT DATA – base extran example or example 1
8040 80408 80608 1800.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
;2nd network or extran example 2
8040a 80408a 80608a 1800.0 .03 * * 0.0 0
;3rd network or extran example 3
8040b 80408b 80608b 1800.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
;4th network or extran example 4
8040c 80408c 80608c 1800.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
;5th network or extran example 5
8040d 80408d 80608d 1800.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
;6th network or extran example 7
8040e 80408e 80608e 1800.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8060 80608 82309 2075.0 0.015 * 114.500 0.0 0
8060a 80608a 82309a 2075.0 0.015 * 114.500 0.0 0
8060b 80608b 82309b 2075.0 0.015 * 114.500 0.0 0
8060c 80608c Up 2075.0 0.015 * 114.500 0.0 0
8060d 80608d 82309d 2075.0 0.015 * 114.500 0.0 0
8060e 80608e 82309e 2075.0 0.015 * 114.500 0.0 0
8100 81009 81309 5100.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8100a 81009a 81309a 5100.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8100b 81009b 81309b 5100.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8100c 81009c 81309c 5100.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8100d 81009d 81309d 5100.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8100e 81009e 81309e 5100.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8130 81309 15009 3500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8130a 81309a 15009a 3500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8130b 81309b 15009b 3500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8130c 81309c 15009c 3500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8130d 81309d 15009d 3500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0
8130e 81309e 15009e 3500.0 0.015 * * 0.0 0

[PUMPS]
;;Name From Node To Node Pump Curve Status Sartup Shutoff
;;————– —————- —————- —————- —— ——– ——–
;* IPTYP NJUNC NJUNC PRATE1 – PRATE3 VRATE1 VRATE2 – for example 7
PUMP1@82309e-15009e 82309e 15009e PUMPCURVEforPUMP1@82309e-15009e OFF 0 0

[ORIFICES]
;;Name From Node To Node Type Offset Qcoeff Gated CloseTime
;;————– —————- —————- ———— ———- ———- ——– ———-
;* SIDE-OUTLET ORIFICE AT JUNCTION 82309d for the 5th network
OR1@82309d-82308d 82309d 82308d SIDE 0.0 0.85 NO 0
OR1@82309b-15009b 82309b 15009b BOTTOM 0.0 0.85 NO .50

[WEIRS]
;;Name From Node To Node Type CrestHt Qcoeff Gated EndCon EndCoeff Surcharge RoadWidth RoadSurf
;;————– —————- —————- ———— ———- ———- ——– ——– ———- ———- ———- ———-
One_Weir Up 15009c SIDEFLOW 2.0 3.3 NO 0 0.0 NO

[XSECTIONS]
;;Link Shape Geom1 Geom2 Geom3 Geom4 Barrels Culvert
;;————– ———— —————- ———- ———- ———- ———- ———-
1030e TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1030 TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1030a TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1030b TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1030c TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1030d TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1570 CIRCULAR 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1570a CIRCULAR 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1570b CIRCULAR 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1570c CIRCULAR 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1570d CIRCULAR 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1570e CIRCULAR 5.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1600 CIRCULAR 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1600a CIRCULAR 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1600b CIRCULAR 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1600c CIRCULAR 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1600d CIRCULAR 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1600e CIRCULAR 6.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1602 CIRCULAR 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1602a CIRCULAR 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1602b CIRCULAR 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1602c CIRCULAR 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1602d CIRCULAR 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1602e CIRCULAR 5.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
1630 TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1630a TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1630b TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1630c TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1630d TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
1630e TRIANGULAR 9.0 54.0 0 0 1.0 0
8040 FORCE_MAIN 4.0 122 0 0 1 0
8040a CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8040b CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8040c CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8040d CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8040e CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8060 CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8060a CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8060b CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8060c CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8060d CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8060e CIRCULAR 4.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8100 FILLED_CIRCULAR 4 2 0 0 1 0
8100a CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8100b CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8100c CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8100d CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8100e CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8130 CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8130a CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8130b CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8130c CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8130d CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
8130e CIRCULAR 4.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.0 0
OR1@82309d-82308d CIRCULAR 2 0 0 0
OR1@82309b-15009b CIRCULAR 1 0 0 0
One_Weir RECT_OPEN 1 1 1 1

[LOSSES]
;;Link Kentry Kexit Kavg Flap Gate Seepage
;;————– ———- ———- ———- ———- ———-
1030e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1030 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1030a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1030b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1030c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1030d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1570 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1570a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1570b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1570c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1570d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1570e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1600 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1600a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1600b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1600c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1600d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1600e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1602 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1602a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1602b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1602c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1602d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1602e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1630 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1630a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1630b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1630c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1630d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
1630e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8040 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8040a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8040b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8040c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8040d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8040e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8060 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8060a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8060b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8060c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8060d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8060e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8100 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8100a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8100b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8100c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8100d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8100e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8130 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8130a 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8130b 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8130c 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8130d 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0
8130e 0.0 0.0 0.0 NO 0.0

[CONTROLS]
RULE Orifice1
IF SIMULATION CLOCKTIME >= 01:00:00
AND SIMULATION CLOCKTIME <= 2:00:00
THEN ORIFICE OR1@82309b-15009b SETTING = 1
ELSE ORIFICE OR1@82309b-15009b SETTING = 0
PRIORITY 1
; Opens up the orifice at hour 1 of the simulation

RULE Orifice2
IF SIMULATION CLOCKTIME >= 00:00:00
THEN ORIFICE OR1@82309b-15009b SETTING = TIMESERIES OpenOrifice
PRIORITY 10

RULE COUNT1
IF SIMULATION TIME > 0.0
THEN PUMP PUMP1@82309e-15009e SETTING = 1.0
PRIORITY 1

RULE COUNT2
IF PUMP PUMP1@82309e-15009e TIMEOPEN >= 2
THEN PUMP PUMP1@82309e-15009e SETTING = 0.0
PRIORITY 5

[INFLOWS]
;;Node Constituent Time Series Type Mfactor Sfactor Baseline Pattern
;;————– —————- —————- ——– ——– ——– ——– ——–
80408 FLOW INFLOW@80408 FLOW 1.0 1.0 1
80408b FLOW INFLOW@80408b FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
80408c FLOW INFLOW@80408c FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
80408d FLOW INFLOW@80408d FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
80408e FLOW INFLOW@80408e FLOW 1.0 0.5 0.0
81009 FLOW INFLOW@81009 FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
81009a FLOW INFLOW@81009a FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
81009b FLOW INFLOW@81009b FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
81009c FLOW INFLOW@81009c FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
81009d FLOW INFLOW@81009d FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
81009e FLOW INFLOW@81009e FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
82309 FLOW INFLOW@82309 FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
82309a FLOW INFLOW@82309a FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
82309b FLOW INFLOW@82309b FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
Up FLOW INFLOW@82309c FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
82309e FLOW INFLOW@82309e FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
80408a FLOW INFLOW@80408a FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0
82309d FLOW INFLOW@82309d FLOW 1.0 1.0 0.0

[CURVES]
;;Name Type X-Value Y-Value
;;————– ———- ———- ———-
PUMPCURVEforPUMP1@82309e-15009e PUMP3 6 5
;
SB1 STORAGE 0 0
SB1 1 0
SB1 1.5 0
SB1 2 0
SB1 2.5 340
SB1 3 2483
SB1 3.5 5686
SB1 4 11585
SB1 4.5 51299
SB1 5 278327
SB1 5.5 526214
SB1 6 740422
SB1 6.5 839055
SB1 7 864692
SB1 8 866863
SB1 9 868103
SB1 10 868394
;
SB2 STORAGE 0 0
SB2 1 0
SB2 1.5 7103
SB2 2 31791
SB2 2.5 71923
SB2 3 122585
SB2 3.5 183836
SB2 4 272757
SB2 4.5 460705
SB2 5 751151
SB2 5.5 967995
SB2 6 1095621
SB2 6.5 1101547
SB2 7 1101970
SB2 8 1102600
SB2 9 1103111
SB2 10 1103519
;
SB3 STORAGE 0 0
SB3 1 0
SB3 1.5 0
SB3 2 0
SB3 2.5 0
SB3 3 332
SB3 3.5 23187
SB3 4 127395
SB3 4.5 316178
SB3 5 471158
SB3 5.5 554586
SB3 6 598930
SB3 6.5 615368
SB3 7 619054
SB3 8 623164
SB3 9 626320
SB3 10 628073
;
SB4 STORAGE 0 1565
SB4 1 2261
SB4 1.5 2607
SB4 2 3010
SB4 2.5 3441
SB4 3 3901
SB4 3.5 4388
SB4 4 6141
SB4 4.5 73936
SB4 5 305776
SB4 5.5 477898
SB4 6 581768
SB4 6.5 602558
SB4 7 605744
SB4 8 606120
SB4 9 606441
SB4 10 606768
;
SB5 STORAGE 0 0
SB5 1 0
SB5 1.5 0
SB5 2 0
SB5 2.5 39
SB5 3 7520
SB5 3.5 45065
SB5 4 83112
SB5 4.5 161541
SB5 5 235404
SB5 5.5 295242
SB5 6 322603
SB5 6.5 341396
SB5 7 347583
SB5 8 355460
SB5 9 358876
SB5 10 359746
;
SB6 STORAGE 0 0
SB6 1 28
SB6 1.5 62
SB6 2 111
SB6 2.5 174
SB6 3 671
SB6 3.5 20637
SB6 4 115442
SB6 4.5 280562
SB6 5 438832
SB6 5.5 604771
SB6 6 711883
SB6 6.5 754132
SB6 7 772875
SB6 8 777041
SB6 9 777041
SB6 10 777041
;
SB7 STORAGE 0 0
SB7 1 76
SB7 1.5 161
SB7 2 277
SB7 2.5 425
SB7 3 604
SB7 3.5 814
SB7 4 1094
SB7 4.5 13105
SB7 5 92154
SB7 5.5 244856
SB7 6 425764
SB7 6.5 534327
SB7 7 603342
SB7 8 629626
SB7 9 635380
SB7 10 639804
;
SB8 STORAGE 0 0
SB8 1 0
SB8 1.5 0
SB8 2 0
SB8 2.5 3210
SB8 3 18142
SB8 3.5 39310
SB8 4 66507
SB8 4.5 121586
SB8 5 199685
SB8 5.5 318789
SB8 6 434905
SB8 6.5 529773
SB8 7 610618
SB8 8 692084
SB8 9 742023
SB8 10 766289
;
SB9 STORAGE 0 0
SB9 1 0
SB9 1.5 0
SB9 2 0
SB9 2.5 0
SB9 3 0
SB9 3.5 0
SB9 4 0
SB9 4.5 2
SB9 5 2361
SB9 5.5 49440
SB9 6 264589
SB9 6.5 600759
SB9 7 986301
SB9 8 1176915
SB9 9 1187853
SB9 10 1189988

[TIMESERIES]
;;Name Date Time Value
;;————– ———- ———- ———-
INFLOW@82309 01/01/1988 00:00 0.00000
INFLOW@82309 00:15 40.00000
INFLOW@82309 03:00 40.00000
INFLOW@82309 03:15 0.00000
INFLOW@82309 12:00 0.00000
;
INFLOW@80408 01/01/1988 00:00 0.00000
INFLOW@80408 00:15 45.00000
INFLOW@80408 03:00 45.00000
INFLOW@80408 03:15 0
INFLOW@80408 12:00 0
INFLOW@80408 01/11/1988 0:00 0
;
INFLOW@81009 01/01/1988 00:00 0.00000
INFLOW@81009 00:15 50.00000
INFLOW@81009 03:00 50.00000
INFLOW@81009 03:15 0.00000
INFLOW@81009 12:00 0.00000
;
INFLOW@82309a 01/01/1988 00:00 0.00000
INFLOW@82309a 00:15 40.00000
INFLOW@82309a 03:00 40.00000
INFLOW@82309a 03:15 0.00000
INFLOW@82309a 12:00 0.00000
;
INFLOW@80408a 01/01/1988 00:00 0.00000
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SWMM5 or the Storm Water Management Model from Wikipedia - for Translation Purposes

· August 12, 2015

Storm Water Management Model

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Storm Water Management Model (SWMM)[1][2][3][4][5][6][7] is a dynamic rainfall–runoff–subsurface runoff simulation model used for single-event to long-term (continuous) simulationof the surface/subsurface hydrology quantity and quality from primarily urban/suburban areas. The hydrology component of SWMM operates on a collection of subcatchment areas divided into impervious and pervious areas with and without depression storage to predict runoff and pollutant loads from precipitation, evaporation and infiltrationlosses from each of the subcatchment. In addition low impact development (LID) and best management practice areas on the subcatchment can be modeled to reduce the impervious and pervious runoff. The routing or hydraulics section of SWMM transports this water and possible associated water quality constituents through a system of closed pipes, open channels, storage/treatment devices, ponds, storages, pumps, orifices, weirs, outlets, outfalls and other regulators. SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of the flow generated within each subcatchment, and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a simulation period composed of multiple fixed or variable time steps. The water quality constituents such as water quality constituents can be simulated from buildup on the subcatchments through washoff to a hydraulic network with optional first order decay and linked pollutant removal, best management practice and low-impact development (LID) removal and treatment can be simulated at selected storage nodes. SWMM is one of the hydrology transport models which the EPA and other agencies have applied widely throughout North America and through consultants and universities throughout the world. The latest update notes and new features can be found on the EPA website in the download section.

Program description

The EPA storm water management model (SWMM) is a dynamic rainfall-runoff-routing simulation model used for single event or long-term (continuous) simulation of runoff quantity and quality from primarily urban areas. The runoff component of SWMM operates on a collection of subcatchment areas that receive precipitation and generate runoff and pollutant loads. The routing portion of SWMM transports this runoff through a system of pipes, channels, storage/treatment devices, pumps, and regulators. SWMM tracks the quantity and quality of runoff generated within each subcatchment, and the flow rate, flow depth, and quality of water in each pipe and channel during a simulation period divided into multiple time steps.

SWMM accounts for various hydrologic processes that produce runoff from urban areas. These include:

time-varying rainfall
evaporation of standing surface water
snow accumulation and melting
rainfall interception from depression storage
infiltration of rainfall into unsaturated soil layers
percolation of infiltrated water into groundwater layers
interflow between groundwater and the drainage system
nonlinear reservoir routing of overland flow
capture and retention of rainfall/runoff with various types of low impact development (LID) practices.

SWMM also contains a flexible set of hydraulic modeling capabilities used to route runoff and external inflows through the drainage system network of pipes, channels, storage/treatment units and diversion structures. These include the ability to:

handle networks of unlimited size·
use a wide variety of standard closed and open conduit shapes as well as natural channels·
model special elements such as storage/treatment units, flow dividers, pumps, weirs, and orifices·
apply external flows and water quality inputs from surface runoff, groundwater interflow, rainfall-dependent infiltration/inflow, dry weather sanitary flow, and user-defined inflows
utilize either kinematic wave or full dynamic wave flow routing methods·
model various flow regimes, such as backwater, surcharging, reverse flow, and surface ponding·
apply user-defined dynamic control rules to simulate the operation of pumps, orifice openings, and weir crest levels.

Spatial variability in all of these processes is achieved by dividing a study area into a collection of smaller, homogeneous subcatchment areas, each containing its own fraction of pervious and impervious sub-areas. Overland flow can be routed between sub-areas, between subcatchments, or between entry points of a drainage system.

Since its inception, SWMM has been used in thousands of sewer and stormwater studies throughout the world. Typical applications include:

design and sizing of drainage system components for flood control
sizing of detention facilities and their appurtenances for flood control and water quality protection·
flood plain mapping of natural channel systems, by modeling the river hydraulics and associated flooding problems using prismatic channels·
designing control strategies for minimizing Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) and Sanitary Sewer Overflow (SSO)·
evaluating the impact of inflow and infiltration on sanitary sewer overflows·
generating non-point source pollutant loadings for waste load allocation studies·
evaluating the effectiveness of BMPs and Subcatchment LID's for reducing wet weather pollutant loadings.Rainfall-runoff modeling of urban and rural watersheds
hydraulic and water quality analysis of storm, sanitary, and combined sewer systems
master planning of sewer collection systems and urban watersheds
system evaluations associated with USEPA's regulations including NDPES permits, CMOM, and TMDL
1D and 2D (surface ponding) predictions of flood levels and flooding volume

EPA SWMM is public-domain software that may be freely copied and distributed. The SWMM 5 public domain consists of C engine code and Delphi SWMM 5 graphical user interface code. The C code and Delphi code are easily edited and can be recompiled by students and professionals for custom features or extra output features.

History

SWMM was first developed between 1969–1971 and has undergone four major upgrades since those years. The major upgrades were: (1) Version 2 in 1973-1975, (2) Version 3 in 1979-1981, (3) Version 4 in 1985-1988 and (4) Version 5 in 2001-2004. A list of the major changes and post 2004 changes are shown in Table 1. The current SWMM edition, Version 5/5.1.007, is a complete re-write of the previous Fortran releases in the programming language C, and it can be run under Windows XP, Windows Vista, Windows 7, Windows 8 and also with a recomplilation under Unix. The code for SWMM5 is open source and public domain code that can be downloaded from the EPA Web Site.

Table 1. SWMM History

Release Date	Versions	Developers	FEMA Approval	LID Controls
08/20/2015	SWMM 5.1.010	EPA	Yes	Yes
04/30/2015	SWMM 5.1.009	EPA	Yes	Yes
04/17/2015	SWMM 5.1.008	EPA	Yes	Yes
10/09/2014	SWMM 5.1.007	EPA	Yes	Yes
06/02/2014	SWMM 5.1.006	EPA	Yes	Yes
03/27/2014	SWMM 5.1.001	EPA	Yes	Yes
04/21/2011	SWMM 5.0.022	EPA	Yes	Yes
08/20/2010	SWMM 5.0.019	EPA	Yes	Yes
08/17/2005	SWMM 5.0.005	EPA, CDM	Yes	No
11/30/2004	SWMM 5.0.004	EPA, CDM	No	No
11/25/2004	SWMM 5.0.003	EPA, CDM	No	No
10/26/2004	SWMM 5.0.001	EPA, CDM	No	No
2001–2004	SWMM5	EPA, CDM	No	No
1988–2004	SWMM4	UF, OSU, CDM	No	No
1981–1988	SWMM3	UF, CDM	No	No
1975–1981	SWMM2	UF	No	No
1969–1971	SWMM1	UF, CDM, M&E	No	No

EPA SWMM 5 provides an integrated graphical environment for editing watershed input data, running hydrologic, hydraulic, real time control and water quality simulations, and viewing the results in a variety of graphical formats. These include color-coded thematic drainage area maps, time series graphs and tables, profile plots, scatter plots and statistical frequency analyses.

This latest re-write of EPA SWMM was produced by the Water Supply and Water Resources Division of the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency's National Risk Management Research Laboratory with assistance from the consulting firm of CDM Inc under a Cooperative Research and Development Agreement (CRADA). SWMM 5 is used as the computational engine for many modeling packages plus components of SWMM5 are in other modeling packages. The major modeling packages that use all or some of the SWMM5 components are shown in the Vendor section. The update history of SWMM 5 from the original SWMM 5.0.001 to the current version SWMM 5.1.007 can be found at the EPA Download in the file epaswmm5_updates.txt. SWMM 5 was approved FEMA Model Approval Page in May 2005 with this note about the versions that are approved on the FEMA Approval Page SWMM 5 Version 5.0.005 (May 2005) and up for NFIP modeling. SWMM 5 is used as the computational engine for many modeling packages (see the SWMM 5 Platform Section of this article) and some components of SWMM5 are in other modeling packages (see the SWMM 5 Vendor Section of this article).

SWMM conceptual model

SWMM conceptualizes a drainage system as a series of water and material flows between several major environmental compartments. These compartments and the SWMM objects they contain include:

The Atmosphere compartment, from which precipitation falls and pollutants are deposited onto the land surface compartment. SWMM uses Rain Gage objects to represent rainfall inputs to the system. The raingage objects can use time series, external text files or NOAA rainfall data files. The Rain Gage objects can use precipitation for thousands of years. Using the SWMM-CAT Addon to SWMM5 climate change can now be simulated using modified temperature, evaporation or rainfall.

The Land Surface compartment, which is represented through one or more Subcatchment objects. It receives precipitation from the Atmospheric compartment in the form of rain or snow; it sends outflow in the form of infiltration to the Groundwater compartment and also as surface runoff and pollutant loadings to the Transport compartment. The Low Impact Development (LID) controls are part of the Subcatchments and store, infiltrate or evaporate the runoff.

The Groundwater compartment receives Infiltration (hydrology) from the Land Surface compartment and transfers a portion of this inflow to the Transport compartment. This compartment is modeled using Aquifer objects. The connection to the Transport compartment can be either a static boundary or a dynamic depth in the channels. The links in the Transport compartment now also have seepage and evaporation.

The Transport compartment contains a network of conveyance elements (channels, pipes, pumps, and regulators) and storage/treatment units that transport water to outfalls or to treatment facilities. Inflows to this compartment can come from surface runoff, groundwater interflow, sanitary dry weather flow, or from user-defined hydrographs. The components of the Transport compartment are modeled with Node and Link objects. Not all compartments need appear in a particular SWMM model. For example, one could model just the transport compartment, using pre-defined hydrographs as inputs. If you use the kinematic wave routing then the nodes do not need to contain an outfall.

Table 2. SWMM5 Compartments
Compartment	Compartment	Compartment	Compartment
GAGE	SUBCATCH	NODE	LINK
TEMP	POLLUT	LANDUSE	TIMEPATTERN
CURVE	SUBCATCH	TSERIES	CONTROL
TRANSECT	AQUIFER	UNITHYD	SNOWMELT
SHAPE	LID

Model parameters

The simulated model parameters for subcatchments are surface roughness, depression storage, slope, flow path length; for Infiltration: Horton: max/min rates and decay constant; Green-Ampt: hydraulic conductivity, initial moisture deficit and suction head; Curve Number: NRCS (SCS) Curve number; All: time for saturated soil to fully drain; for Conduits: Manning’s roughness; for Water Quality: buildup/washoff function coefficients, first order decay coefficients, removal equations. A study area can be divided into any number of individual subcatchments, each of which drains to a single point. Study areas can range in size from a small portion of a single lots up to thousands of acres. SWMM uses hourly or more frequent rainfall data as input and can be run for single events or in continuous fashion for any number of years.

Hydrology and hydraulics capabilities

SWMM 5 accounts for various hydrologic processes that produce surface and subsurface runoff from urban areas. These include:

Time-varying rainfall for an unlimited number of raingages for both design and continuous hyetographs
evaporation of standing surface water on watersheds and surface ponds
snowfall accumulation, plowing and melting
rainfall interception from depression storage in both impervious and pervious areas
infiltration of rainfall into unsaturated soil layers
percolation of infiltrated water into groundwater layers
interflow between groundwater and pipes and ditches
nonlinear reservoir routing of watershed overland flow.

Spatial variability in all of these processes is achieved by dividing a study area into a collection of smaller, homogeneous watershed or subcatchment areas, each containing its own fraction of pervious and impervious sub-areas. Overland flow can be routed between sub-areas, between subcatchments, or between entry points of a drainage system.

Simulate drainage networks of unlimited size
use a wide variety of standard closed and open conduit shapes as well as natural or irregular channels
model special elements such as storage/treatment units, outlets, flow dividers, pumps, weirs, and orifices
apply external flows and water quality inputs from surface runoff, groundwater interflow, rainfall-dependent infiltration/inflow, dry weather sanitary flow, and user-defined inflows
utilize either steady, kinematic wave or full dynamic wave flow routing methods
model various flow regimes, such as backwater, surcharging, pressure, reverse flow, and surface ponding
apply user-defined dynamic control rules to simulate the operation of pumps, orifice openings, and weir crest levels

Infiltration is the process of rainfall penetrating the ground surface into the unsaturated soil zone of pervious subcatchments areas. SWMM5 offers four choices for modeling infiltration:

Classical infiltration method

This method is based on empirical observations showing that infiltration decreases exponentially from an initial maximum rate to some minimum rate over the course of a long rainfall event. Input parameters required by this method include the maximum and minimum infiltration rates, a decay coefficient that describes how fast the rate decreases over time, and the time it takes a fully saturated soil to completely dry (used to compute the recovery of infiltration rate during dry periods).

Figure 2. SWMM 5's QA/QC Master Example Network. This one network includes examples 1 through 7 from the SWMM 3 and SWMM 4 Manuals

Modified Horton Method

This is a modified version of the classical Horton Method that uses the cumulative infiltration in excess of the minimum rate as its state variable (instead of time along the Horton curve), providing a more accurate infiltration estimate when low rainfall intensities occur. It uses the same input parameters as does the traditional Horton Method.

Green–Ampt method

This method for modeling infiltration assumes that a sharp wetting front exists in the soil column, separating soil with some initial moisture content below from saturated soil above. The input parameters required are the initial moisture deficit of the soil, the soil's hydraulic conductivity, and the suction head at the wetting front. The recovery rate of moisture deficit during dry periods is empirically related to the hydraulic conductivity.

Curve number method

This approach is adopted from the NRCS (SCS) curve number method for estimating runoff. It assumes that the total infiltration capacity of a soil can be found from the soil's tabulated curve number. During a rain event this capacity is depleted as a function of cumulative rainfall and remaining capacity. The input parameters for this method are the curve number and the time it takes a fully saturated soil to completely dry (used to compute the recovery of infiltration capacity during dry periods).

SWMM also allows the infiltration recovery rate to be adjusted by a fixed amount on a monthly basis to account for seasonal variation in such factors as evaporation rates and groundwater levels. This optional monthly soil recovery pattern is specified as part of a project's evaporation data.

In addition to modeling the generation and transport of runoff flows, SWMM can also estimate the production of pollutant loads associated with this runoff. The following processes can be modeled for any number of user-defined water quality constituents:

Dry-weather pollutant buildup over different land uses
pollutant washoff from specific land uses during storm events
direct contribution of wet and dry rainfall deposition
reduction in dry-weather buildup due to street cleaning
reduction in washoff load due to BMPs and LIDs
entry of dry weather sanitary flows and user-specified external inflows at any point in the drainage system
routing of water quality constituents through the drainage system
reduction in constituent concentration through treatment in storage units or by natural processes in pipes and channels.

Rain Gages in SWMM5 supply precipitation data for one or more subcatchment areas in a study region. The rainfall data can be either a user-defined time series or come from an external file. Several different popular rainfall file formats currently in use are supported, as well as a standard user-defined format. The principal input properties of rain gages include:

rainfall data type (e.g., intensity, volume, or cumulative volume)
recording time interval (e.g., hourly, 15-minute, etc.)
source of rainfall data (input time series or external file)
name of rainfall data source

The other principal input parameters for the subcatchments include:

assigned rain gage
outlet node or subcatchment and routing fraction
assigned land uses
tributary surface area
imperviousness and zero percent imperviousness
slope
characteristic width of overland flow
Manning's n for overland flow on both pervious and impervious areas
depression storage in both pervious and impervious areas
percent of impervious area with no depression storage.
infiltration parameters
snowpack
groundwater parameters
LID parameters for each LID Control Used

Routing options

Steady-flow routing represents the simplest type of routing possible (actually no routing) by assuming that within each computational time step flow is uniform and steady. Thus it simply translates inflow hydrographs at the upstream end of the conduit to the downstream end, with no delay or change in shape. The normal flow equation is used to relate flow rate to flow area (or depth).

This type of routing cannot account for channel storage, backwater effects, entrance/exit losses, flow reversal or pressurized flow. It can only be used with dendritic conveyance networks, where each node has only a single outflow link (unless the node is a divider in which case two outflow links are required). This form of routing is insensitive to the time step employed and is really only appropriate for preliminary analysis using long-term continuous simulations.Kinematic wave routing solves the continuity equation along with a simplified form of the momentum equation in each conduit. The latter requires that the slope of the water surface equal the slope of the conduit.

The maximum flow that can be conveyed through a conduit is the full normal flow value. Any flow in excess of this entering the inlet node is either lost from the system or can pond atop the inlet node and be re-introduced into the conduit as capacity becomes available.

Kinematic wave routing allows flow and area to vary both spatially and temporally within a conduit. This can result in attenuated and delayed outflow hydrographs as inflow is routed through the channel. However this form of routing cannot account for backwater effects, entrance/exit losses, flow reversal, or pressurized flow, and is also restricted to dendritic network layouts. It can usually maintain numerical stability with moderately large time steps, on the order of 1 to 5 minutes. If the aforementioned effects are not expected to be significant then this alternative can be an accurate and efficient routing method, especially for long-term simulations.

Dynamic wave routing solves the complete one-dimensional Saint Venant flow equations and therefore produces the most theoretically accurate results. These equations consist of the continuity and momentum equations for conduits and a volume continuity equation at nodes.

With this form of routing it is possible to represent pressurized flow when a closed conduit becomes full, such that flows can exceed the full normal flow value. Flooding occurs when the water depth at a node exceeds the maximum available depth, and the excess flow is either lost from the system or can pond atop the node and re-enter the drainage system.

Dynamic wave routing can account for channel storage, backwater, entrance/exit losses, flow reversal, and pressurized flow. Because it couples together the solution for both water levels at nodes and flow in conduits it can be applied to any general network layout, even those containing multiple downstream diversions and loops. It is the method of choice for systems subjected to significant backwater effects due to downstream flow restrictions and with flow regulation via weirs and orifices. This generality comes at a price of having to use much smaller time steps, on the order of a minute or less (SWMM can automatically reduce the user-defined maximum time step as needed to maintain numerical stability).

Integrated hydrology/hydraulics

Figure 3. SWMM 5's LID processes include unlimited low-impact development or BMP objects per subcatchment and 5 types of layers.

One of the great advances in SWMM 5 was the integration of urban/suburbansubsurface flow with the hydraulic computations of the drainage network. This advance is a tremendous improvement over the separate subsurface hydrologic and hydraulic computations of the previous versions of SWMM because it allows the modeler to conceptually model the same interactions that occur physically in the real open channel/shallow aquifer environment. The SWMM 5 numerical engine calculates the surface runoff, subsurface hydrology and assigns the current climate data at either the wet or dry hydrologic time step. The hydraulic calculations for the links, nodes, control rules and boundary conditions of the network are then computed at either a fixed or variable time step within the hydrologic time step by using interpolation routines and the simulated hydrologic starting and ending values. The versions of SWMM 5 greater than SWMM 5.1.007 allow the modeler to simulate climate changes by globally changing the rainfall, temperature and evaporation using monthly adjustments.

An example of this integration was the collection of the disparate SWMM 4 link types in the runoff, transport and extran blocks to one unified group of closed conduit and open channel link types in SWMM 5 and a collection of node types (Figure 2).

Low-impact development components

The low-impact development (LID) function was new to SWMM 5.0.019/20/21/22 and SWMM 5.1+ It is integrated within the subcatchment and allows further refinement of the overflows, infiltration flow and evaporation in rain barrel, swales,permeable paving, green roof, rain garden, bioretention and infiltration trench. The term Low-impact development(Canada/US) is used in Canada and the United States to describe a land planning and engineering design approach to managing stormwater runoff. In recent years many states in the US have adopted LID concepts and standards to enhance their approach to reducing the harmful potential for storm water pollution in new construction projects. LID takes many forms but can generally be thought of as an effort to minimize or prevent concentrated flows of storm water leaving a site. To do this the LID practice suggests that when impervious surfaces (concrete, etc.) are used, they are periodically interrupted by pervious areas which can allow the storm water to infiltrate (soak into the earth)

You can define a variety of sub processes in each LID in SWMM5 such as: surface, pavement, soil, storage, drainmat and drain.

Each type of LID has limitations on the type of sub process allowed by SWMM 5. It has a good report feature and you can have a LID summary report in the rpt file and an external report file in which you can see the surface depth, soil moisture, storage depth, surface inflow, evaporation, surface infiltration, soil percolation, storage infiltration, surface outflow and the LID continuity error. You can have multiple LID's per subcatchment and we have had no issues having many complicated LID sub networks and processes inside the Subcatchments of SWMM 5 or any continuity issues not solvable by a smaller wet hydrology time step. The types of SWMM 5 LID compartments are: storage, underdrain, surface, pavement and soil. a bio retention cell has storage, underdrain and surface compartments. an infiltration trench lid has storage, underdrain and surface compartments. A porous pavement LID has storage, underdrain and pavement compartments. A rain barrel has only storage and underdrain compartments and a vegatative swale LID has a single surface compartment. Each type of LID shares different underlying compartment objects in SWMM 5.

New as of July 2013, the EPA's National Stormwater Calculator is a Windows desktop application that estimates the annual amount of rainwater and frequency of runoff from a specific site anywhere in the United States. Estimates are based on local soil conditions, land cover, and historic rainfall records. The calculator accesses several national databases that provide soil, topography, rainfall, and evaporation information for the chosen site. The user supplies information about the site's land cover and selects the types of low impact development (LID) controls they would like to use on site. The LID Control features in SWMM 5.1.007 include the following among types of Green infrastructure:

StreetPlanter: Bio-retention Cells are depressions that contain vegetation grown in an engineered soil mixture placed above a gravel drainage bed. They provide storage, infiltration and evaporation of both direct rainfall and runoff captured from surrounding areas. Street planters consist of concrete boxes filled with an engineered soil that supports vegetative growth. Beneath the soil is a gravel bed that provides additional storage. The walls of a planter extend 3 to 12 inches above the soil bed to allow for ponding within the unit. The thickness of the soil growing medium ranges from 6 to 24 inches while gravel beds are 6 to 18 inches in depth. The planter's capture ratio is the ratio of its area to the impervious area whose runoff it captures.

Main Street Tree Planter, Miles City (281991376)

Raingarden:Rain Gardens are a type of bio-retention cell consisting of just the engineered soil layer with no gravel bed below it.Rain Gardens are shallow depressions filled with an engineered soil mix that supports vegetative growth. They are usually used on individual home lots to capture roof runoff. Typical soil depths range from 6 to 18 inches. The capture ratio is the ratio of the rain garden's area to the impervious area that drains onto it.

Rain garden (2014)

GreenRoof: Green Roofs are another variation of a bio-retention cell that have a soil layer laying atop a special drainage mat material that conveys excess percolated rainfall off of the roof. Green Roofs (also known as Vegetated Roofs) are bio-retention systems placed on roof surfaces that capture and temporarily store rainwater in a soil growing medium. They consist of a layered system of roofing designed to support plant growth and retain water for plant uptake while preventing ponding on the roof surface. The thickness used for the growing medium typically ranges from 3 to 6 inches.

Intensive extensive green roofs

InfilTrench: infiltration trenches are narrow ditches filled with gravel that intercept runoff from upslope impervious areas. They provide storage volume and additional time for captured runoff to infiltrate the native soil below.

Infiltration trench (6438020585)

PermPave or Permeable Pavements Continuous Permeable Pavement systems are excavated areas filled with gravel and paved over with a porous concreteor asphalt mix. Continuous Permeable Pavement systems are excavated areas filled with gravel and paved over with a porous concrete or asphalt mix. Modular Block systems are similar except that permeable block pavers are used instead. Normally all rainfall will immediately pass through the pavement into the gravel storage layer below it where it can infiltrate at natural rates into the site's native soil. Pavement layers are usually 4 to 6 inches in height while the gravel storage layer is typically 6 to 18 inches high. The Capture Ratio is the percent of the treated area (street or parking lot) that is replaced with permeable pavement.

Cistern: Rain Barrels (or Cisterns) are containers that collect roof runoff during storm events and can either release or re-use the rainwater during dry periods. Rain harvesting systems collect runoff from rooftops and convey it to a cistern tank where it can be used for non-potable water uses and on-site infiltration. The harvesting system is assumed to consist of a given number of fixed-sized cisterns per 1000 square feet of rooftop area captured. The water from each cistern is withdrawn at a constant rate and is assumed to be consumed or infiltrated entirely on-site.

VegSwale: Vegetative swales are channels or depressed areas with sloping sides covered with grass and other vegetation. They slow down the conveyance of collected runoff and allow it more time to infiltrate the native soil beneath it. Infiltration basins are shallow depressions filled with grass or other natural vegetation that capture runoff from adjoining areas and allow it to infiltrate into the soil.

Wet ponds are frequently used for water quality improvement, groundwater recharge, flood protection, aesthetic improvement or any combination of these. Sometimes they act as a replacement for the natural absorption of a forest or other natural process that was lost when an area is developed. As such, these structures are designed to blend into neighborhoods and viewed as an amenity.

Dry ponds temporarily stores water after a storm, but eventually empties out at a controlled rate to a downstream water body.

Sand filters generally control runoff water quality, providing very limited flow rate control. A typical sand filter system consists of two or three chambers or basins. The first is the sedimentation chamber, which removes floatables and heavy sediments. The second is the filtration chamber, which removes additional pollutants by filtering the runoff through a sand bed. The third is the discharge chamber. Infiltration trench, is a type of best management practice (BMP) that is used to manage stormwater runoff, prevent flooding and downstream erosion, and improve water quality in an adjacent river, stream, lake or bay. It is a shallow excavated trench filled with gravel or crushed stone that is designed to infiltrate stormwater though permeable soils into the groundwater aquifer.

A Vegatated filter strip is a type of buffer strip that is an area of vegetation, generally narrow and long, that slows the rate of runoff, allowing sediments, organic matter, and other pollutants that are being conveyed by the water to be removed by settling out. Filter strips reduce erosion and the accompanying stream pollution, and can be a best management practice.

Other LID like concepts around the world include sustainable drainage system (SUDS). The idea behind SUDS is to try to replicate natural systems that use cost effective solutions with low environmental impact to drain away dirty and surface water run-off through collection, storage, and cleaning before allowing it to be released slowly back into the environment, such as into water courses.

In addition the following features can also be simulated using the features of SWMM 5 (storage ponds, seepage, orifices,Weirs, seepage and evaporation from natural channels): constructed wetlands, wet ponds, dry ponds, infiltration basin,non-surface sand filters, vegetated filterstrips, vegetated filterstrip and infiltration basin. A WetPark would be a combination of wet and dry ponds and LID features. A WetPark is also considered a constructed wetland.

SWMM5 components

The SWMM 5.0.001 to 5.1.007 main components are: rain gages, watersheds, LID controls or BMP features such as Wet and Dry Ponds, nodes, links, pollutants, landuses, time patterns, curves, time series, controls, transects, aquifers, unit hydrographs, snowmelt and shapes (Table 3). Other related objects are the types of Nodes and the Link Shapes. The purpose of the objects is to simulate the major components of the hydrologic cycle, the hydraulic components of the drainage, sewer or stormwater network and the buildup/washoff functions that allow the simulation of water quality constituents. A watershed simulation starts with a precipitation time history. SWMM 5 has many types of open and closed pipes and channels: dummy, ciruclar, filled circular, rectangular closed, rectangular open, trapezoidal, triangular, parabolic, power funciton, rectangular triangle, rectangle round, modified baskethandle, horizontal ellipse, vertical ellipse, arch, eggshaped, horseshoe, gothic, catenary, semielliptical, baskethandle, semicircular, irregular, custom and force main.

The major objects or hydrology and hydraulic components in SWMM 5 are:

GAGE rain gage
SUBCATCH subcatchment
NODE conveyance system node
LINK conveyance system link
POLLUT pollutant
LANDUSE land use category
TIMEPATTERN,dry weather flow time pattern
CURVE generic table of values
TSERIES generic time series of values
CONTROL conveyance system control rules
TRANSECT irregular channel cross-section
AQUIFER groundwater aquifer
UNITHYD RDII unit hydrograph
SNOWMELT snowmelt parameter set
SHAPE custom conduit shape
LID LID treatment units

The major overall components are called in the SWMM 5 input file and C code of the simulation engine: gage, subcatch, node, link, pollut, landuse, timepattern, curve, tseries, control, transect, aquifer, unithyd, snowmelt, shape and lid. The subsets of possible nodes are: junction, outfall, storage and divider. Storage Nodes are either tabular with a depth/area table or a functional relationship between area and depth. Possible node inflows include: external_inflow, dry_weather_inflow, wet_weather_inflow, groundwater_inflow, rdii_inflow, flow_inflow, concen_inflow, and mass_inflow. The dry weather inflows can include the possible patterns: monthly_pattern, daily_pattern, hourly_pattern and weekend_pattern.

The SWMM 5 component structure allows the user to choose which major hydrology and hydraulic components are using during the simulation:

Rainfall/runoff with infiltration options: horton, modified horton, green ampt and curve number
RDII
Water Quality
Groundwater
Snowmelt
Flow Routing with Routing Options: Steady State, Kinematic Wave and Dynamic Wave

SWMM 3,4 to 5 converter

The SWMM 3 and SWMM 4 converter can convert up to two files from the earlier SWMM 3 and 4 versions at one time to SWMM 5. Typically you would convert a Runoff and Transport file to SWMM 5 or a Runoff and Extran File to SWMM 5. If you have a combination of a SWMM 4 Runoff, Transport and Extran network then you will have to convert it in pieces and copy and paste the two data sets together to make one SWMM 5 data set. The x,y coordinate file is only necessary if you do not have existing x, y coordinates on the D1 line of the SWMM 4 Extran input data[ set. You can use the command File=>Define Ini File to define the location of the ini file. The ini file will save your conversion project input data files and directories.

The SWMMM3 and SWMM 3.5 files are fixed format. The SWMM 4 files are free format. The converter will detect which version of SWMM is being used. The converted files can be combined using a text editor to merge the created inp files.== SWMM 5 Climate Change AddOn ==

SWMM-CAT Climate Change AddOn

The Storm Water Management Model Climate Adjustment Tool (SWMM-CAT) is a new addition to SWMM5 (December 2014). It is a simple to use software utility that allows future climate change projections to be incorporated into the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). SWMM was recently updated to accept a set of monthly adjustment factors for each of these time series that could represent the impact of future changes in climatic conditions. SWMM-CAT provides a set of location-specific adjustments that derived from global climate change models run as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) archive (Figure 4). SWMM-CAT is a utility that adds location-specific climate change adjustments to a Storm Water Management Model (SWMM) project file. Adjustments can be applied on a monthly basis to air temperature, evaporation rates, and precipitation, as well as to the 24-hour design storm at different recurrence intervals. The source of these adjustments are global climate change models run as part of the World Climate Research Programme (WCRP) Coupled Model Intercomparison Project Phase 3 (CMIP3) archive. Downscaled results from this archive were generated and converted into changes with respect to historical values by USEPA's CREAT project (http://water.epa.gov/infrastructure/watersecurity/climate/creat.cfm).

Table 3. SWMM5 Input File Data Section Names
Input Section	Input Section	Input Section	Input Section	Input Section
TITLE	OPTION	FILE	RAINGAGE	TEMP
EVAP	SUBCATCH	SUBAREA	INFIL	AQUIFER
GROUNDWATER	SNOWMELT	JUNCTION	OUTFALL	STORAGE
DIVIDER	CONDUIT	PUMP	ORIFICE	WEIR
OUTLET	XSECTION	TRANSECT	LOSSES	CONTROL
		POLLUTANT	LANDUSE	BUILDUP
WASHOFF	COVERAGE	INFLOW	DWF	PATTERN
RDII	UNITHYD	LOADING	TREATMENT	CURVE
TIMESERIES	REPORT	COORDINATE	VERTICES	POLYGON
LABEL	SYMBOL	BACKDROP	TAG	PROFILE
MAP	LID_CONTROL	LID_USAGE	GWF	ADJUST

The following steps are used to select a set of adjustments to apply to SWMM5:

1) Enter the latitude and longitude coordinates of your location if available or its 5-digit zip code. SWMM-CAT will display a range of climate change outcomes for the CMIP3 results closest to your location.

2) Select whether to use climate change projections based on either a near term or far term projection period. The displayed climate change outcomes will be updated to reflect your choice.

3) Select a climate change outcome to save to SWMM. There are three choices that span the range of outcomes produced by the different global climate models used in the CMIP3 project. The Hot/Dry outcome represents a model whose average temperature change was on the high end and whose average rainfall change was on the lower end of all model projections. The Warm/Wet outcome represents a model whose average temperature change was on the lower end and whose average rainfall change was on the wetter end of the spectrum. The Median outcome is for a model whose temperature and rainfall changes were closest to the median of all models.

4) Click the Save Adjustments to SWMM link to bring up a dialog form that will allow you select an existing SWMM project file to save your adjustments to. The form will also allow you to select which type of adjustments (monthly temperature, evaporation, rainfall, or 24-hour design storm) to save. Conversion of temperature and evaporation units is automatically handled depending on the unit system (US or SI) detected in the SWMM file.

Figure 4. The EPA SWMM5 Climate Change Program

EPA stormwater calculator based on SWMM5

Other external programs that aid in the generation of data for the EPA SWMM 5 model include: SUSTAIN, BASINS, SSOAP and the EPA’s National Stormwater Calculator (SWC) which is a desktop application that estimates the annual amount of rainwater and frequency of runoff from a specific site anywhere in the United States (including Puerto Rico). The estimates are based on local soil conditions, land cover, and historic rainfall records (Figure 5).

Figure 5. The EPA stormwater calculator for simulating long-term runoff with LID and climate change.